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Methanol (CH₃OH), also known as methyl alcohol or wood alcohol, is the simplest alcohol and a fundamental chemical building block. It is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid with a distinctive odor, but it is highly toxic if ingested, leading to blindness or death. Industrially, it is primarily produced on a massive scale via the catalytic synthesis of hydrogen and carbon monoxide (synthesis gas or "syngas") derived from natural gas, coal, or biomass. Modern plants use low-pressure processes over copper-zinc-alumina catalysts. As a versatile C1 chemical, methanol can be easily converted into numerous downstream products, serving as a key feedstock for the chemical industry and an emerging alternative fuel and energy carrier.

The applications of methanol are vast. Its largest single use is in the production of formaldehyde, a precursor to resins for plywood, plastics, and adhesives. It is also a primary feedstock for manufacturing acetic acid, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), dimethyl ether (DME), and olefins (via the methanol-to-olefins, MTO, process). As a fuel, it is used directly in racing cars, blended in some gasoline, and is the dominant fuel for marine engines in China. It is gaining significant attention as a hydrogen carrier for fuel cells and as a raw material for producing sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). Furthermore, the concept of a "methanol economy" envisions using renewable (green) methanol, produced from captured CO₂ and green hydrogen, as a clean-burning fuel to decarbonize shipping and industry, positioning methanol at the center of future energy and chemical transitions.